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The conflict falls under a complex international system of justice that has emerged since World War Two, much of it aimed at protecting civilians. Even if states say they are acting in self-defence, international rules regarding armed conflict apply to all participants in a war. Internationally accepted rules of armed conflict emerged from the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which have been ratified by all United Nations member states and supplemented by rulings at international war crimes tribunals. Treaties govern the treatment of civilians, soldiers and prisoners of war in a system collectively known as the "Law of Armed Conflict" or "International Humanitarian Law". Under the laws of armed conflict, combatants include members of state armed forces, military and volunteer forces and non-state armed groups.

Persons: Gaza's, Al, Carolyn Edgerton, Edgerton, Israel, Karim Khan, Khan, Crispian Balmer, Emma Farge, Janet Lawrence Organizations: HAGUE, Palestinian, Hamas, United Nations, CAN, World Health Organization, Geneva Convention, GENEVA, Criminal, Criminal Court, ICC, Thomson Locations: Israel, Geneva, Gaza, Al Shifa, Gaza City, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, Canadian, Yugoslavia, The Hague, Palestinian Territories, Rome, Jerusalem

[1/3] International Criminal Court Prosecutor Karim Khan speaks during an interview with Reuters about the violence in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories in The Hague, Netherlands October 12, 2023. The occupied Palestinian territories including the Gaza Strip fall under the jurisdiction of the ICC, meaning the court has the authority to prosecute Hamas, the Palestinian militant group that rules Gaza. Yes, we have jurisdiction wherever they're committed, including on the territory of Israel," ICC prosecutor Karim Khan said in an interview. The court has had an ongoing investigation in the occupied Palestinian territories into possible war crimes and crimes against humanity there since 2021. Asked if he had a message for the warring parties in Israel and the Palestinian territories, Khan called for reflection and calm.

Persons: Karim Khan, de Wouw, Al Quds, they're, Israel, Israel doesn't, Khan's, Khan, Anthony Deutsch, Cynthia Osterman Organizations: Criminal, Reuters, REUTERS, ICC, Al Quds Brigades, Saturday, Geneva Convention, Thomson Locations: Israel, The Hague, Netherlands, Gaza, Palestinian, Al, Palestine, China, United States, Russia, India, Egypt

Domestic courts can apply so-called universal jurisdiction in war crimes cases, but that would be limited in scope. It has jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide in its 123 member states or committed by its nationals. The ICC has had an ongoing investigation into allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the occupied Palestinian territories since 2021. WHAT ACTS COULD VIOLATE WAR CRIMES LAW? The taking of hostages, murder and torture are explicitly banned under the Geneva Conventions, while Israel's response could also be subject to a war crimes investigation.

Persons: Prosecutors, Omar Shakir, Yoav Gallant, Joe Biden, Benjamin Netanyahu, ”, Nick Kaufman, Stephanie van den Berg, Anthony Deutsch, Heather Timmons, Andrew Cawthorne Organizations: HAGUE, Hamas, Criminal Court, ICC, Palestine, Rights, Israeli, GENEVA, Thomson Locations: Israel, Palestinian, Geneva, The Hague, Rome, China, United States, Russia, India, Egypt, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Sudan, Myanmar, York, Gaza, Palestine, U.S, British, Kibbutz

[1/4] Residents in vehicles attempt to leave the city of Stepanakert following a military operation conducted by Azerbaijani armed forces in Nagorno-Karabakh, a region inhabited by ethnic Armenians, September 24, 2023. Whatever the history and the lack of independent reports on events inside the isolated territory, several international legal experts believe the mass flight fits the legal definition of a war crime. For Azerbaijan, however, retaking control of Nagorno-Karabakh helps to redress the traumas of 1988-94. "It would almost assuredly result in the forced displacement of Armenians from Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and the widespread commission of genocidal atrocities, reflecting those committed in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War of 2020 and subsequent hostilities," it said. "If the Armenians of Artsakh were to be displaced ... it would result in the genocidal destruction of a people, as the Artsakh Armenians would lose their distinct identity."

Persons: Vladimir, Hikmet Hajiyev, Ilham Aliyev, Priya Pillai, Melanie O'Brien, Pillai, O'Brien, Luis Moreno Ocampo, it's, Thomas de Waal, Anthony Deutsch, Stephanie van den Berg, Andrew Grey, David Lewis, Kevin Liffey Organizations: HAGUE, University of Minnesota, International Association of, Big, International Criminal Court, ICC, Lemkin Institute for Genocide, Thomson Locations: Stepanakert, Nagorno, Karabakh, Russian, Azerbaijan, Republic of Artsakh, Soviet Union, Armenia, Yerevan, Brussels, Baku, Peace, Artsakh, Nairobi

[1/3] A general view of a grain terminal at the port of Odesa, Ukraine, April 10, 2023. Drone attacks wrecked buildings in the port of Izmail and prevented ships on the Danube River from loading grain for export. WHAT DOES INTERNATIONAL LAW SAY? The Geneva Conventions and additional protocols say that parties involved in military conflict must distinguish between “civilian objects and military objectives”, and that attacks on civilian objects are forbidden. This prohibition is also codified in the Rome Statute of the ICC, which opened an investigation into possible war crimes in Ukraine soon after the invasion.

Persons: Ritzau Scanpix, Bo Amstrup, Russia's, Yousuf Syed Khan, RIA, Katharine Fortin, Michael Schmitt, Marko Milanovic, Anthony Deutsch, Stephanie van den Berg, Kevin Liffey Organizations: REUTERS, Criminal, Global Rights, ICC, Utrecht University, Lieber, U.S, West, International, University of Reading, Nova, Thomson Locations: Odesa, Ukraine, Izmail, The Hague, Kherson, Geneva, Rome, Russian, Nova, Russia

Putin is just the third head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court while still in power. The ICC accuses Putin of responsibility for the war crime of deporting Ukrainian children - at least hundreds, possibly more - to Russia. TRAVEL ABROADThe ICC's 123 member states are obliged to detain and transfer Putin if he sets foot on their territory. Kenya's President William Ruto and his predecessor Uhuru Kenyatta were both charged by the ICC before they were elected. Former Kosovo President Hashim Thaci, one of Milosevic's adversaries in the 1990s Balkan wars, left office after being indicted for war crimes by the Kosovo war crimes tribunal in The Hague.

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